Ancient Civilizations

What ancient civilization built the pyramids at Giza?

Ancient Egypt (built during the Old Kingdom, c. 2580–2560 BC)

What writing system did the Sumerians develop?

Cuneiform, one of the earliest known writing systems

What was the Code of Hammurabi?

One of the oldest written legal codes, created by Babylonian King Hammurabi around 1754 BC

What civilization built Machu Picchu?

The Inca Empire (built around 1450 AD in modern-day Peru)

What was the significance of the Rosetta Stone?

It allowed scholars to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics by providing the same text in Greek, Demotic, and hieroglyphics

What was the Indus Valley Civilization known for?

Advanced urban planning, including grid-layout cities like Mohenjo-daro and Harappa with sophisticated drainage systems

Who was the first Emperor of China?

Qin Shi Huang, who unified China in 221 BC and began construction of the Great Wall

What form of government did Athens pioneer?

Democracy — specifically direct democracy, where citizens voted on legislation directly

What was the Roman Republic?

A form of government (509–27 BC) where Rome was ruled by elected officials including consuls and senators

What were the Persian Wars?

A series of conflicts (499–449 BC) between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, including battles at Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis